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Month: July 2024

Galaxo Smith Kline Consumer Healthcare Limited

Posted on by Himanshu Jain
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Project Overview

M/s Galaxo Smith Kline Consumer Healthcare Limited. has retained M/s Ground Water & Mineral Investigation Consultancy Center (P) Ltd., Jaipur to asses Comprehensive hydrogeological, rainwater harvesting and Recharge proposal studies in plant premises and Nabha Block of Patiala-District, Punjab. The groundwater extraction of plant is 932 m3 /day i.e. 3,40,180.00 m3 /annum and it falls in Nabha block, Patiala-District, which is under overexploited category according to CGWB Publication “Dynamic Ground Water Reserves of India- 2015”. Therefore, required recharge will be 200% of the proposed water extraction which works out to be 6,80,360.00 m3 /annum. The fieldwork was completed during March, 2019. The location map & layout plan of the investigated area is shown in Fig. 1 & Fig. 2.

Object: –

The analyse the physiographic conditions in and around the plant in Nabha block with the help of field observations, GPS readings & Google image to observe Hydro geological conditions of the studied area. Ø To know groundwater flow direction of the studied area. Ø To assess about the aquifers of the studied area and groundwater recharge possibility. Ø To evaluate recharge to ground water through Rooftop harvesting and water applied for plantation within the plant premises. Ø To study existing and proposed rainwater and drainage ponds for recharge equivalent to 200 % of ground water extraction by the GSK plant in Nabha block

 

Methodology: –

Here we used the the methodology for hydrogeological and recharge proposal studies for 200 % of ground water extraction inside & outside the plant,

  1. Physiographic Studies: On the basis of regional levels marked with the help of spot level shown in latest google image, site visit, GPS survey etc., physiographic conditions of the area & its surrounding was studied which helps in determining physiographic gradient.
  2. Hydro Geological Observations: In Hydro geological studies, Observations were made about geology and types of aquifers, surface water bodies, drainage pattern, yields, quality, ground water flow direction, hydraulic gradient etc. governing the ground water regime of the studied area.
  3. Rainwater Harvesting and Recharge Proposals: Scope of Recharge to ground water through Rainwater Harvesting from Rooftop and water applied to plantation was studied in the plant area and recharge possibilities of the order of 200 % of ground water extraction were worked out through selected ponds in Nabha block depending upon average annual rainfall & catchment factor and storage capacities of respective ponds.

Result:-

The implementation of these methodoly on the GSK Plant find out the fruitful result. One Piezometer should be installed near each selected pond i.e, total 8 piezometers outside plant premises for record of water level data with telemetric system. The schematic design of the piezometer is given in Fig.

The recharge potential created outside the premises would be as under:

Recharge measure

Recharge in m3 /annum

Through increasing depth of the pond

5,02,389.32

Through increasing area of the pond

46,741.12

Through Percolation pits

1,30,320.00

Total

6,79,450.44

 

The existing recharge worked out inside the plant premises is 6,851.44 m3 /annum and total recharge measures to be created outside plant premises would be 6,79,450.44 m3 /annum which makes total of 6,86,301.88 m3 /annum equivalent to 1880 m3 /day as against required 200 % recharge to the tune of 6,80,360 m3 /annum.

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS: –

Based on spot levels obtained from google image and GPS data recorded in the field, the localized physiographic gradient is determined which is in general towards south with elevation ranging from 247 m to 256 m from mean sea level. The area has good vegetation with deep-rooted plants. In the studied area, Nabha block is occupied by Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain of quaternary age, and falls in Ghaggar basin. The rainfall runoff is generated through various minor natural drains. The canal network for irrigation also exists in the area from river Ghaggar. The average rainfall of last 6 years is reported as 441.58 mm/annum as per IMD. The ground water occurs in alluvium consisting of Fine, Medium and Coarse-grained sand, which forms the potential aquifers. In the shallow aquifer (up to 50m) ground water occurs under unconfined/water table conditions; whereas, in deeper aquifer, semi-confined/confined conditions exist. The water level in the studied area ranges between 25.98 m to 32.13 m below ground level in pre monsoon season based on hydrogeological observations. The seasonal fluctuation is minimum 0.3 m and maximum 3.6 m as per CGWB district brochure. Based on the samples drawn from tube wells of GSK Plant, Nabha and its 5 km radius area reveals that most of wells show total dissolved solids below 1000 mg/ltr. Therefore, water is largely under fresh category. As per chemical analysis report of water from existing tube well in the plant premises, the most of the gradients are within permissible limits as per IS10500:2012. However, water may be suitably treated for specific industrial use. The water yield from tube wells varies between 64.8 m3/day to 575 m3/day as revealed by hydro geological well inventory in plant and its 5 km radius area. The wells within depth up to 60 m have low yields up to 125m3/day, whereas, the tube wells up to 200 m depth yield as high as 575m3/day. Ground water flows from north towards south, south-east and south-west as shown in water level contour map. The average Hydraulic Gradient as per water level contour map is 1/426. The existing five rainwater-harvesting structures with injection wells serve the purpose of recharge to ground water from rooftop area runoff and natural recharge from of the green area. Total recharge to ground water to be captured within the GSK plant premises is 6,854.44 m3 /annum (Through rooftop rainwater harvesting 4,562.73 m3 /annum & through open/green area 2,288.72 m3 /annum). Eight rain water ponds have been selected in various villages of Nabha Block outside plant premises to meet 200 % recharge of the present ground water extraction by the GSK plant besides plant premises. The catchment area of ponds is demarcated with the help of spot levels, contours and physiography as shown in Fig. These ponds have been found feasible for recharge of excess runoff during rains by increasing depth in all selected ponds and making percolation pits in one pond for additional ground water recharge. The recharge potential created outside plant premises would be 6,79,450.44 m3 /annum. The Total recharge measures to be created inside and outside the plant premises would be 6,86,301.88 m3 /annum equivalent to 1880 m3 /day as against required 200 % recharge to the tune of 6,80,360 m3 /annum.

The storage capacity of selected 8 ponds for additional recharge would be created by increasing the depth of each pond. In addition to increase in depth up to 3.5 m in pond-2 (Village-Lubana Teku), five percolation pits evenly distributed at a spacing of more than 30 m may also be installed & in pond-4 (Village-Kot Kalan), two percolation pits evenly distributed at a spacing of more than 20 m may also be installed. The dimensional parameter of percolation pit may be kept as 1 m (length) x 1 m (width) x 2 m (depth) with 6” dia injection well of 50 m depth capable of recharging 181 m3 /day of rainwater as per recharge test. The inlet of the structure should be 1 m above pond bed as dead storage for use by villagers. The quarterly cleaning/ removal of silt from the pond beds is suggested for efficient working of RWH system. The section view of proposed percolation pits with injection wells to be installed in pond-2. All the rainwater ponds in 8 villages as described above may be protected by fencing and deployment of security person/agency to avoid contamination and possible human/cattle accidental hazards. For good design of piezometer, a borehole of 14”diameter should be drilled up to 18 m depth by Drilling machine in the project premise with 8” plain pipes The pipe of the bore well should be left 1 m above the ground level & concrete structure may be made around this pipe with 14 inch thickness to prevent the bore well from surface pollutants around the bore well. Chamber of 14” diameter may be made with well cap having lock & key arrangement. There should be provision of 2” dia PVC airline in the borewell for inserting probe of manual / automatic water level recorder for complete precision in measurement of the water level data. Schematic design of piezometer is given in Fig.

Comprehensive Hydrogeological Study, Groundwater Modeling And Dewatering Of Mines With Impact Assessment In Core Zone And Its 10 Km Radius Buffer Zone Of Sagmania Limestone Mines At Sohawal, District-Satna, Madhya Pradesh

Posted on by Himanshu Jain
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Project Overview

M/s Birla Corporation Limited has retained M/s Ground Water & Mineral Investigation Consultancy Centre (P) Ltd., Jaipur to carry out Comprehensive Hydrogeological studies with ground water modelling for deep mining dewatering assessment in core zone of 852.50 ha. area and its impact in 10 km radius buffer zone of Sagmania Limestone Mines. Location map of studied area and layout plan of the mine is shown in Fig 1 & 2. The field work was carried out during the month of June & July 2020, by G. Megha Shyam, Sr. Manager (Water Management) and Intekhab Alam, Sr. Manager (Hydrogeology) of GWMICC P. Ltd.

The Problem: –

Topographical Condition: –The studied area is plain with slight undulations. The elevations of core zone are ranging between 323 m amsl & 273 to 382 m amsl in buffer zone. In core zone, there is no significant artificial drainage system in mine lease area. Due to natural slopes, the rain water makes its own path and moves towards mined out pits and in the remining places, water moves towards South and joins natural nallah near Railway track. In Buffer zone

 Hydrogeological Condition: –The drainage in area is mainly formed by river Tons and its tributaries. Tons is perennial river with 5-6 orders streams and has dendritic drainage pattern which flows in north and north-east direction. The area received average annual rainfall of 1028.45 mm (1985 to 2019) and the daily maximum rainfall has been 226.60 mm in last 35 years as per data recorded in Rain gauge station installed in BCL premises. The main aquifer in and around Sagmania mines in core zone is fractured limestone and movement of ground water in lime stone is essentially by bedding plains, development and nature of secondary joints and fractures while solution cavities also play an important role for ground water occurrence. Ground water in general is under unconfined to semi-confined conditions (CGWB District Brochure2017). In buffer zone, alluvium followed by limestone, shale, dolomatic limestone are the main aquifers which are mostly unconfined in nature.

Seasonal Variations:- Ground water levels in the core zone range from above 18 m to 30 below ground level in Monsoon/Post-Monsoon (286 to 295 m amsl). The seasonal fluctuation of water level is around average 3 m as per observations made in Piezometer in April 2018 to March 21 near the Sagmania mines in core zone. Whereas, in buffer zone water level range from above 10 to 37 m. below ground level (260 to 320 m amsl). The seasonal fluctuation in water levels are around 3 m as per the field observations. The average TDS of ground water in core zone is around 500 mg/ltr. whereas in buffer zone it goes up to as high as 2000 mg/ltr. & total Hardness in core zone is around 400 mg/ltr. but in buffer zone, it varies from over 500 to 1100 mg/ltr. The elements and compounds analyzed as above in NABL accredited lab indicate that the major ingredients are within permissible limits as per IS: 10500:2015 norms in core zone; whereas, in buffer zone, most of the ingredients are in permissible limits except Total Hardness.

Mine dewatering: – In the sagmaina mine Dewatering is major issue Dewatering a totally or partially flooded mine, or even as a normal procedure in normal mine activity, they carry a number of problems, most of which are environment related. Sagmania mine is open pit mines there is Large problems are developing with abandoned mines that have accumulated acid mine drainage that are growing to become a larger problem as the water sits in the mine and reacts with the exposed rock. There can be mitigation through proper management and with enough funds.

The most relevant concerns with mine dewatering are related to acid mine drainage and the dispersal of contaminated water into other water fonts and the general environment becoming a serious source of pollution.

The Solution

Physiographic Studies: – On the basis of regional levels marked with the help of Shatter Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) based on satellite imaginary and site visit, Digital Elevation Model for core and buffer zone was prepared and general physiographic conditions were studied and physiographic gradient was determined. Besides, Survey of India (SOI) topographic maps were studied and base map for the studies were prepared using villages, roads, railways, streams, canals etc. networks.

Hydrogeological Observations: In hydrogeological studies, observations were made about geology and types of aquifers, water quality, water levels, yield pattern etc. through hydrogeological inventory of existing groundwater structures in core and buffer zones of Sagmania mines.

Aquifer performance test: (Long duration test) A.P.T. is designed to impose hydraulic stress up to three log cycles/equilibrium state of the aquifer such that measurements of the response to the stress will fit in a theoretical model of aquifer signatures. The test set up consists of an exploratory well in which the aquifer is subjected to stress and its effect on the observation well is measured. Observations during APT include measurement of water levels at periodic interval as per log scale & discharge is measured. This test helps to know hydraulic parameters of the area of influence. This long duration test was done in core & buffer zones for detailed studies of all the aquifers encountered.

Geoelectric Survey: Geoelectric survey was done as spot soundings in the core zone to know about the regional behaviour of subsurface disposition of aquifer system to workout hydrogeological characteristics such as saturated thickness, number of aquifers, nature of aquifers viz. confined/unconfined/semi-confined. The geoelectric sections prepared as a result of interpretation of geoelectric data depicting lithology, water level, saturation & expected quality of ground water. The sections give an account of subsurface distribution of aquifers.

Rain Water Harvesting: Existing rain water harvesting measures were studied and recharge to ground water was estimated and the impact of these recharge measures were evaluated. Through seepage studies, constant rate of infiltration of water is determined after complete saturation of the soil in the prevailing condition of soil in the field. This study helps to know about the seepage of water through the soil in core and buffer zones. Recharge test was also carried out by injecting known volume of water in existing tube well & constant rate of recharge was determined for the aquifers present in core & buffer zones, to know the recharge capacity of the aquifers for designing most feasible RWH structures.

Water Resources Evaluation: Based on Hydraulic parameters & water level fluctuation of the area, all recharge components were determined, ground water draft due to all factors were considered and Water Resources have been evaluated in the area to assess extent of subsurface water availability in the study year.

 Groundwater Modelling: The broad objectives of this modelling exercise is to replicate the field parameters numerically into the ground water model, development of ground water flow model and simulation of the existing field conditions, calibration and testing of the proposed groundwater scenario through budgeting and water level trend predictions. The numerical approach used for solving ground water flow equations used are Finite Difference Method (FDM) in the model MODFLOW-NWT. This model is a simple analytical and numerical model which has applicability and usefulness in hydrogeological and remedial investigations.

Dewatering of Mines and Water Utilization Plan: According to mine plan, hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifers to be encountered during mining, water inflow conditions, dewatering estimates are done. Besides, quantities of dewatering were worked out for 1 st 5 years of mining as per mining plan. The water extraction and its utilization plan for gainful purpose in and around mine lease area was also worked out.

Impact Assessment of Mining on Ground Water: Based on above comprehensive studies, impact of mining activities on water environment of the area is evaluated and its management is suggested such that on ground water regime of the area is not affected adversely. Based on mining plan, water level, ultimate mine limits and quantifications of both surface and ground water, impact on water quality and dewatering is also assessed

Results :-

The hydrogeological, hydro-chemical, dewatering & rainwater harvesting studies reveal that due to mining activities there will not be any adverse impact on the groundwater regime in terms of water level, quantity and quality including socio economic aspects of buffer zone in immediate future. The quantities of mine seepage water has been calculated as per CGWA norms. The proposed recharge potential through applied irrigation by dewatered water and recharge potential through existing mine pits. Artificial recharge measures to be taken up by BCL in first five years of mining would be more than 50 % of water extraction/dewatering. Therefore, recharge measures to be adopted would satisfy recharge criteria for Semi-Critical areas as per CGWA guidelines, 2015. Average mixed quality of rainwater and groundwater would be lower than normal groundwater quality It is clear that in Monsoon/Post-Monsoon season water inception in the mine would not cause adverse impact on ground water quality of core and buffer zone as major chemical ingredients are within permissible limits of IS10500 norms. There have been positive impact on ground water regime of the area due to canal irrigation system and development of ponds/check dams etc. Therefore in immediate future, no adverse impact on ground water regime of the area is envisaged on the people of the area due to groundwater abstraction/dewatering of ground water by BCL. There are no wells or agriculture fields or any other business activities within the area of influence determined by APT. Hence, negative socio-economic effects are not expected in next five years

Impact:-

The stage of ground water development at 96 % rendering area under Semi Critical category as per CGWA. Therefore, there will be no negative effect on ground water regime of the area due to mining. However, groundwater shows rising trend from pre-monsoon of 2021 to pre-monsoon of 2025 by 0.8 m. Hence, water levels will rise nearly @ 0.16 m per annum in next five years as predicted by ground water modelling. The surface water component of intercepted water in mining pit would cause direct & positive impact on ground water quality of the core area as it has relatively low TDS around 200 mg/ltr. TDS of ground water is around 506 mg/ltr. Average mixed quality of rainwater and groundwater would be lower than normal groundwater quality It is clear that in Monsoon/Post-Monsoon season water inception in the mine would not cause adverse impact on ground water quality of core and buffer zone as major chemical ingredients are within permissible limits of IS10500 norms. There have been positive impact on ground water regime of the area due to canal irrigation system and development of ponds/check dams etc. Therefore in immediate future, no adverse impact on ground water regime of the area is envisaged on the people of the area due to groundwater abstraction/dewatering of ground water by BCL. There are no wells or agriculture fields or any other business activities within the area of influence determined by APT. Hence, negative socio-economic effects are not expected in next five years. The hydrogeological, hydro-chemical & rainwater harvesting studies reveal that due to mining activities there will not be any adverse impact on the groundwater regime in terms of waterlevel, quantity and quality including socio economic aspects of bufferzone in immediate future.

Hydro Geological Study Report of Spring Water – Dolpani Source at Village Dolpani, Dekiling Gewog Sarpang (Bhutan)

Posted on by Himanshu Jain
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Project Overview

Ground Water & Mineral Investigation Consultancy Centre Pvt. Ltd. (GWMICC) undertook an extensive survey with the object to understand the hydrological and hydro-geological conditions and structures surrounding to the spring water catchment area and ascertain the quality and quantity of the Dolpani spring water source, Army Welfare Project Ltd. (AWPL) had taken initiative to conduct detailed Hydrological Study of Spring Water Source located at Dolpani, Dekiling Gewog, Gelephu in Sarpang Dzongkhag(Bhutan).

The spring water source is located at Dolpani, Dekiling Gewog, in Gelephu at UTM coordinate 46R N-0234200, E-2980497 and elevation is 772 MSL by GPS. It is located in hilly region with undulating terrain. Spring water is controlled by the fracture and cavities having N 19 E- S 19 W direction.

THE PROBLEM

  1. Spring water system protection needs a forewarning of imminent contamination and thus, an integrated approach of conceptual and management-related groundwater models should be developed.
  2. Empirical and analytical approaches should be used to attain an inclusive understanding of spring water hydrology and water quality.
  3. springs should be studied considering the current updated classification schemes to obtain a comprehensive understanding of them.
  4. Monitoring of data and simulation models should be developed to establish an integrated and comprehensive understanding of Dolpani Source at Village Dolpani,spring hydrogeology.

 

THE SOLUTION

 

Here, we utilized the following methods to determine the object to follow:

 

  1. GIS Studies: -The recharge area is demarcated using SRTM satellite data with the help of ArcGIS software. The satellite imagery is processed and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was created to define the catchment of spring water source, contour map and drainage pattern. Based on these studies recharge area of spring water source was mapped.
  1. Geological Field Survey: – Field traverses were taken and all geological structures, rock types with dip, strike and visible features like joints, fractures, fault, bedding and foliation plane etc. were recorded along and across the spring water source using Sunnto compass and GPS. Based on geological studies & contour plan, geological map was prepared depicting Lithology and structural control of spring water source.
  1. Geophysical Investigation: – Under Geophysical Investigation, Geoelectric survey was done on selected spots to know about the behavior of subsurface disposition of aquifer system in the investigated area. This survey was done to workout hydrogeological characteristics of the area in a systematic pattern to generate water level contour maps and the ground water potential map. Interpretation of Geoelectric data depicts Lithology, saturation & expected quality of ground water. Based on above comprehensive studies, areas worthy of groundwater potentiality were selected along with identification of sites for drilling.
  2.  
  3. Hydro-geological Study: – In Hydro geological studies, observations were made about types of aquifers, surface water bodies, drainage pattern, yields, quality, contour map with drainage pattern & water flow direction was demarcated. Digital current flow meter was used to assess water flow of spring and streams at different points in the month of January, 2016 to have actual assessment of flow characteristics of the spring water. Lean period estimates of flow were arrived in the light of available historical data. Based on integration of all the studies, possible origin of spring water was located so that Dolpani spring water is protected from future contamination.

RESULTS

We obtained the following outcomes and project benefits by using the employed methodology:-

Under the present circumstances, the type II/III design is recommended to obtain water quality and quantity very close to the spring water source which confirms to the natural mineral water standards at comparatively low cost and less time and can be implemented immediately with support of local community. The design of the water intake method as per recommended type II/III shall consider use of natural filter media to ensure that the subterranean natural water percolation of the spring water source is not affected.

 

 

IMPACT

Socio Economic Impact of Proposed Plant: It is concluded that the proposed natural mineral water project is feasible as regards required quantity and quality is concerned. The project is expected to have positive socio economic impact in the people of nearby areas as there will be direct and indirect new employment opportunities, development of roads and Infrastructure, provision of improvement in health, education, environment and other areas as part of corporate social responsibility of the coming up project. The plant will not have any activity causing environmental pollution in terms of air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution and flora & fauna pollution. It is envisaged that there will be no adverse or negative impact on social and demographic fabric of the area around the plant

RECOMMENDATIONS

Computation of saturated zones at each Vertical Electric Sounding points (VES) reveals that sites having dolomitic aquifer and saturated thickness more than 6 m are suitable for successful water intake well. These sites are S-16, S-17 and S-19 around the source. Therefore, spring water source, itself would be potential for obtaining natural mineral water. Hence, design is recommended at spring water source to obtain water quality and quantity same as that of spring water source which confirms to the natural mineral water standards. The direct water intake from the source would be at comparatively low cost and less time and can be implemented immediately with support of local community compared to installation of water wells at site At spring water source, collection box of appropriate dimension may be constructed over the outlet of the existing spring water source. The design of collection box may be an enclosed structure with religious significance. Water from the box is tapped through a stainless steel pipe with 4-inch diameter at the bottom of the box which is further connected to underground delivery line (HDPE pipe) leading to collection tank at lower elevation. The overflow is let out to flow through a pipe at top through the current stream course as shown in Figures respectively. The natural flow from spring water source would not be disturbed / obstructed because of installation of collection box at the source as the design would envelop the source and there will not be any direct obstructing wall of the structure at source. Protection of Micro/Macro watershed The entire micro catchment of the spring water source may be suitably protected from human, animal, industrial and other activities which may contribute contamination. The probable area of this micro catchment which is to be protected is shown in Fig-33. The delineated micro watershed is upper part of the macro watershed and as such, there is no need to protect macro watershed area for any activity except large industries which may cause environmental and subsurface water pollution.

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